Wales is a constituent country of the United Kingdom, governed through a devolved parliament called the Senedd. The Senedd is responsible for education and health and can vary income-tax rates. It uses a system of proportional representation. Labour has held the position of first minister since the Senedd's creation in 1999 and has won a plurality of Welsh seats in every general election since 1922—a run that political scientists at Cardiff University reckon is the longest any party has dominated any democracy. Labour's first leader, Keir Hardie, represented a Welsh seat, as did its first prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald.
Wales's GDP per person is only three-quarters of Britain's. Plaid Cymru claims that the British government owes the Welsh government £4bn ($5bn) to make up for spending on the HS2 high-speed rail project in England.
At the time of the 2016 Senedd election, 31% of voters said they had a stronger Welsh identity than a British one. By 2025 this figure had grown to 41%. According to Jac Larner of Cardiff University, voters have split into a progressive, Welsh-identifying bloc and a conservative, British-identifying one. Plaid Cymru has wrested leadership of the progressive bloc from Labour.
Wales has roughly half a million Welsh speakers.
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